TOPONYMY
“काश्याम् मरणं मुक्तिः” – “काशी में मृत्यु, मोक्ष का मार्ग है।”
“Kāśyām maranam muktih” – “Death in Kashi is liberation.” This ancient saying reflects the deep spiritual reverence Varanasi has commanded for millennia.The name “Varanasi” originates from its geographical location between two rivers—Varuna in the north and Assi in the south. Combined, these rivers give the city its name: Varanasi. This etymology appears in early Vedic literature, where the settlement is mentioned as a sacred and cultural landmark.
In earlier periods, the city was widely known as Kashi, derived from the Sanskrit root kāś, meaning “to shine.” The name signified a place of enlightenment and spiritual radiance. Vedic texts, Buddhist scriptures, and Jain literature all refer to Kashi as a key center of learning, ritual, and pilgrimage.
During the medieval period, people continued to use both names—Kashi and Varanasi; however, various dynasties gradually gave more prominence to Varanasi in official records. Subsequently, the British colonial administration introduced the anglicized form “Benares,” and it remained in use until independence. Post-1947, the original name “Varanasi” was formally restored.
Throughout these transitions, local usage continued to honor the city’s traditional names. The enduring association of Varanasi with its rivers and sacred geography reinforces its identity as one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world.
HISTORY
Varanasi stands among the world’s oldest continuously inhabited cities. Archaeological evidence places its settlement as early as the 11th–12th century BCE. Ancient texts refer to it as Kashi, meaning “the shining one,” indicating its early status as a spiritual hub. The Rigveda and Atharvaveda mention Kashi as a thriving urban center.
Central to Varanasi’s ancient history is its association with Lord Shiva, also known as Mahadev. According to the Skanda Purana, Shiva founded the city and chose it as his permanent abode. This mythological foundation has defined Varanasi’s identity as the City of Shiva. Devotees believe Shiva still resides here, making every corner of the city sacred. The Kashi Vishwanath Temple, one of the twelve Jyotirlingas, stands as a symbol of this divine connection and attracts millions of pilgrims.
Throughout history, Varanasi flourished as a center of education, ritual, and trade. During the Buddha’s lifetime in the 6th century BCE, it was already a well-established city. Sarnath, located nearby, marks the site where Gautama Buddha gave his first sermon after enlightenment.
In later periods, the Mauryan, Gupta, and Mughal dynasties controlled Varanasi. Although rulers changed, the city consistently retained its religious and cultural importance. During Muslim rule, invaders repeatedly destroyed temples, including multiple demolitions of the Kashi Vishwanath Temple. Nevertheless, devotees continued reconstruction efforts, and they rebuilt the temple several times.
Varanasi’s endurance through invasions, reforms, and modernization reflects its deep-rooted significance in Indian civilization. Its religious, historical, and educational legacy continues to shape its identity today.
GEOGRAPHY
“काशी क्षेत्रं परमं मुक्तिदं शम्भोः स्थालं शिवप्रियं”
“Kāśī kṣetraṁ paramaṁ muktidaṁ śambhoḥ sthālaṁ śiva-priyaṁ.”
Translation:
Kashi is the supreme land of liberation, the dwelling of Shambhu (Shiva), beloved to Lord Shiva. This verse emphasizes Varanasi (Kashi) as not just a geographical location but as a sacred kṣetra (spiritual realm) that grants liberation (moksha) and holds a timeless connection to Lord Shiva. It encapsulates the deep mythological and religious roots of the city as Mahadev’s chosen land.
Varanasi lies in southeastern Uttar Pradesh, along the left bank of the Ganga River. Geographically, it occupies the middle Ganga valley and sits at an average elevation of about 80.7 metres above sea level. The city is bounded by the Varuna River in the north and the Assi River in the south, which define the traditional limits of the sacred city. These two rivers give Varanasi its name—derived from Varuna and Assi.
Varanasi falls under the Gangetic plains and exhibits a flat alluvial topography. Its fertile soil supports seasonal agriculture in surrounding areas, while its urban core rests on high ground that historically protected it from floods. The Ganga flows in a crescent-shaped bend at this point, offering a unique geographic formation that supports the city’s famous ghats. These stepped embankments serve both religious and practical purposes, including bathing, cremation, and daily rituals.
Climatically, Varanasi lies in the sub-tropical zone, with hot summers, a monsoon season from June to September, and mild winters. The city’s geographic location has historically supported uninterrupted human settlement and religious activity.
Its position on the Ganga, combined with its sacred boundaries, reinforces its role as a continuous spiritual and cultural centre in Indian civilization.
CLIMATE
Varanasi experiences a humid subtropical climate with three distinct seasons—summer, monsoon, and winter. Summers, from March to June, remain hot and dry, with temperatures often exceeding 40°C in peak months like May. The high temperature and low humidity make this period uncomfortable.
The monsoon season begins in late June and continues until September, bringing moderate to heavy rainfall. July records the highest precipitation, helping recharge groundwater and support agriculture in surrounding areas. However, intense rains can occasionally disrupt daily life and flood low-lying areas.
Winters, from November to February, are mild and relatively dry. Temperatures range between 5°C and 15°C, with January being the coldest month. Morning fog and low visibility are common during winter.
Overall, the climate directly influences Varanasi’s seasonal pilgrimages. As a result, winter and early spring attract the highest number of visitors due to comfortable weather. Moreover, local communities closely tie their livelihoods—especially in agriculture and tourism—to these climatic patterns.
FLORA AND FAUNA
Varanasi’s flora and fauna reflect the biodiversity of the middle Gangetic plain. The region supports tropical deciduous vegetation, with common tree species including neem, peepal, banyan, mango, and jamun. These trees grow in parks, temple compounds, and along roadsides, offering shade and ecological balance within the urban setting.
The fauna consists mainly of species adapted to semi-urban environments. Common animals include monkeys, squirrels, mongoose, and a variety of reptiles. The Ganga River supports aquatic life such as turtles, fish, and the endangered Ganges river dolphin. Birds like egrets, herons, kingfishers, parakeets, and mynas are frequently sighted along riverbanks and in green spaces.
Religious beliefs strongly influence the protection of certain species, particularly cows and monkeys, and people often allow them to roam freely in the city. However, urban expansion increasingly limits natural habitats. In response, authorities and local groups have launched protected areas and riverfront initiatives to preserve the region’s remaining biodiversity and maintain ecological stability.
ECONOMY
Varanasi’s economy integrates traditional industries, religious tourism, services, and emerging sectors. The city’s most prominent economic driver is its handloom weaving industry, especially the production of Banarasi silk sarees. This craft employs thousands of artisans and supports ancillary industries such as dyeing, embroidery, and textile trading. Banarasi sarees hold national and international demand, contributing significantly to exports.
Tourism plays a vital role in the local economy. As a major pilgrimage and cultural destination, Varanasi attracts millions of domestic and international visitors annually. Hotels, guesthouses, transport services, and tour operations generate substantial revenue and employment.
Retail trade, especially around religious sites and local markets, supports small and medium enterprises. The city also hosts a growing education sector, with institutions like Banaras Hindu University drawing students nationwide and supporting allied services.
Agriculture remains relevant in the rural outskirts. Farmers grow crops such as wheat, rice, pulses, and seasonal vegetables. The nearby Manduadih and Kashi railway stations serve as important freight and passenger nodes, linking the city to major markets.
Lately the focused development of Varanasi’s religious and spiritual infrastructure has significantly boosted its economy. Projects like the Kashi Vishwanath Dham Corridor have increased pilgrim footfall, with over 11 crore tourists visiting in 2024 alone. This surge has revitalized sectors such as hospitality, transport, retail, and local crafts. Enhanced connectivity, beautified ghats, and global promotion have positioned Varanasi as a thriving spiritual tourism hub, directly benefiting livelihoods and local businesses.
In recent years, infrastructure development and digital initiatives have expanded employment opportunities in the service and IT sectors. Under the Smart City Mission and PM Gati Shakti projects, urban planning, logistics, and mobility have improved.
Varanasi’s economy reflects a balance of heritage-driven trades and evolving commercial dynamics. Despite challenges such as unorganized labor and environmental concerns, the city maintains steady economic growth through its diversified and resilient economic base.
ADMINISTRATION
Varanasi functions as the administrative headquarters of the Varanasi district and division in Uttar Pradesh. The district administration operates under a District Magistrate (DM), an Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer, responsible for law and order, revenue collection, and development programs. The Varanasi Municipal Corporation (VMC) manages urban governance, including sanitation, water supply, waste management, and infrastructure maintenance.
The city falls under the jurisdiction of the Varanasi Police Commissionerate, headed by a Commissioner of Police (IPS), who oversees law enforcement, traffic control, and public safety. The administration coordinates closely with state and central government bodies for implementing schemes under the Smart City Mission and other urban development initiatives.
Varanasi is also a Lok Sabha constituency represented in the Indian Parliament. The administrative framework integrates civic, revenue, and law enforcement functions to support the city’s growing population, tourism, and religious importance, ensuring both routine governance and the execution of large-scale projects.
CIVIC ADMINISTRATION
Varanasi’s civic administration is managed by the Varanasi Municipal Corporation (VMC). It handles essential urban services, including water supply, solid waste management, street lighting, drainage, and public sanitation. The Municipal Commissioner, an IAS officer, heads the corporation, while elected representatives from the municipal council. The VMC works in coordination with state and central agencies to implement infrastructure and beautification projects, particularly under the Smart City Mission. It also oversees heritage conservation in key zones around the ghats and temples. The civic body addresses urban challenges while maintaining services for the city’s residents, pilgrims, and growing tourist population.
POLICE ADMINISTRATION
Varanasi operates under the Varanasi Police Commissionerate system, introduced to enhance urban policing. A Commissioner of Police, an IPS officer, heads the force and oversees law and order, crime prevention, traffic regulation, and public safety. The commissionerate includes multiple zones and police stations, each managed by officers of appropriate rank. Specialized units handle cybercrime, women’s safety, and tourist security. The police coordinate with civic bodies and intelligence agencies during major events, religious festivals, and VIP visits. The system focuses on efficient response, improved law enforcement, and maintaining peace in the city’s densely populated and religiously sensitive areas.
JUDICIAL INSTITUTIONS
Varanasi hosts a well-established judicial system under the jurisdiction of the Allahabad High Court. The city has a District and Sessions Court that handles civil, criminal, and family matters. The District Judge oversees the functioning of subordinate courts, including civil judges, magistrates, and special courts. Varanasi also has a Family Court and a Commercial Court to address specific legal domains. These institutions ensure timely adjudication and legal access for residents across the district. Legal aid services and Lok Adalats operate periodically to resolve minor disputes and promote accessible justice. The judiciary functions independently within the framework of Indian law.
CENTRAL GOVERNMENT OFFICES
Varanasi hosts several key central government offices that support administrative and public service functions. These include regional branches of the Income Tax Department, Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO), and Central Public Works Department (CPWD). The city also has offices of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), reflecting its heritage significance. The Postal Department, Railways, and Central Excise and Customs operate through local divisions. Additionally, Varanasi houses regional centres of national schemes like UIDAI for Aadhaar services. These offices coordinate with local authorities to implement central policies, manage public infrastructure, and ensure delivery of citizen services across the district.
POLITICS
Varanasi holds significant political importance in Uttar Pradesh and at the national level. It is a prominent Lok Sabha constituency and has received increased attention since 2014, when Prime Minister Narendra Modi contested and won the seat. His continued representation of Varanasi in Parliament has brought political visibility and policy focus to the city.
The Varanasi Lok Sabha constituency comprises five Vidhan Sabha segments: Varanasi North, Varanasi South, Varanasi Cantonment, Sevapuri, and Rohaniya. These are represented by elected Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) in the Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha. Political activity remains high across party lines, with the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) currently holding a dominant position.
Local governance functions through the Varanasi Municipal Corporation, where the Mayor is elected directly by the people, and municipal councillors represent individual wards. These local bodies handle civic issues and coordinate with the state government for urban development projects.
The government has implemented several centrally sponsored schemes and development projects in Varanasi since 2014, including the Kashi Vishwanath Dham Corridor, Smart City Mission, and Namami Gange, reflecting strong political will and administrative coordination. These initiatives aim to modernize infrastructure while preserving cultural heritage.
The city often serves as a political symbol of heritage-based development and religious-cultural nationalism. Frequent visits by national leaders, high-profile events, and continuous media attention further reinforce its political profile. Varanasi’s electorate remains actively engaged, with consistently high voter turnout in both state and national elections.
PUBLIC UTILITIES
Varanasi provides essential public utilities through a combination of municipal, state, and central agencies. The Varanasi Municipal Corporation manages water supply, sanitation, street lighting, and solid waste disposal. Jal Nigam oversees water treatment and distribution, while the Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Limited (UPPCL) handles electricity supply and maintenance.
The city has expanded access to piped water and underground sewage systems under the AMRUT and Smart City Mission schemes. Waste collection now follows door-to-door models with increased mechanization. Public toilets and bio-toilets have been installed in high-footfall areas, especially near ghats and temples.
Gas distribution through pipelines has expanded, improving access to clean cooking fuel. Public transport includes city buses and electric rickshaws, supported by designated charging stations. Digital platforms have streamlined utility payments and grievance redressal.
These improvements aim to meet the needs of residents, tourists, and pilgrims while aligning with sustainable urban development goals and environmental standards.
TRANSPORT
Varanasi has a multi-modal transport system that connects it efficiently to regional and national networks. The city’s primary railway hubs—Varanasi Junction, Manduadih, and Kashi stations—handle major passenger and freight traffic. Lal Bahadur Shastri International Airport, located about 26 km from the city center, serves Varanasi by offering domestic and international flights.
Road connectivity is strong, with National Highways 19, 31, and 233 linking Varanasi to nearby states and major cities. Public transport within the city includes city buses, auto-rickshaws, cycle-rickshaws, and app-based cab services. Electric rickshaws have gained popularity in congested areas.
The city is developing an integrated transport infrastructure under the Smart City and Gati Shakti initiatives, including multilevel parking, flyovers, and traffic management systems. A proposed light metro project is also under planning to ease congestion.
Authorities are reviving river transport on the Ganga, including ferry services, to enhance connectivity and promote eco-friendly travel. Prime Minister Narendra Modi has inaugurated two significant ferry services in Varanasi to enhance river transport and promote eco-friendly travel.
- MV Ganga Vilas: On January 13, 2023, PM Modi flagged off the MV Ganga Vilas, the world’s longest river cruise. This luxury cruise spans approximately 3,200 km over 51 days, journeying from Varanasi to Dibrugarh in Assam via Bangladesh. It traverses 27 river systems and covers 50 tourist destinations, including World Heritage Sites and national parks, aiming to boost river cruise tourism in India.
- Harit Nauka (Green Boat): In February 2024, PM Modi launched India’s first hydrogen-powered ferry, named ‘Harit Nauka’. Developed by Cochin Shipyard Limited, this 24-meter-long catamaran can carry up to 50 passengers and operates on hydrogen fuel cells, producing zero emissions and noise. The ferry is part of the ‘Harit Nauka’ initiative, reflecting India’s commitment to sustainable and green transportation solutions.
Both initiatives signify a substantial step towards revitalizing river transport in Varanasi, aligning with environmental sustainability goals and enhancing the city’s connectivity and tourism appeal.
DEMOGRAPHICS
According to the 2011 Census, Varanasi district recorded a population of approximately 3.68 million. The urban area of Varanasi, governed by the Municipal Corporation, had a population of around 1.2 million. The district’s population density stood at about 2,400 persons per square kilometre.
The sex ratio in the district was 913 females per 1,000 males, while the child sex ratio (0–6 years) stood at 889. The literacy rate was 77.05%, with male literacy at 85.66% and female literacy at 67.75%. Urban areas recorded higher literacy rates compared to rural regions.
Hinduism is the dominant religion, followed by Islam. Other religions, including Christianity, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism, account for a smaller share. Hindi is the most widely spoken language, followed by Bhojpuri, which serves as a regional dialect. Urdu is also spoken by a significant minority.
Occupationally, the population is engaged in a mix of traditional crafts, trade, education, public services, and agriculture. Handloom weaving remains a major livelihood source in both urban and semi-urban zones. Varanasi’s demographic structure reflects a combination of religious significance, historical continuity, and urban migration patterns.
Population growth, urbanization, and tourism have contributed to changing settlement patterns, increasing demand for housing, services, and civic infrastructure across the city and surrounding areas.
ARCHITECTURE
Varanasi’s architecture reflects a continuous historical evolution shaped by religious, cultural, and political influences. The city’s-built environment includes temples, ghats, mosques, palaces, and traditional houses, each contributing to its distinct urban fabric. Stone-built temples with Nagara-style spires dominate the older parts of the city. The most prominent among them is the Kashi Vishwanath Temple, reconstructed multiple times due to invasions, yet retaining its core spiritual and architectural identity.
The Kashi Vishwanath Temple follows the traditional Nagara style of North Indian temple architecture, marked by a tall, curvilinear shikhara (spire) and intricate stone carvings. The sanctum houses the revered Jyotirlinga of Lord Shiva. Gold plating on the main spire and domes, added during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s patronage, gives the temple its iconic appearance. The structure integrates religious symbolism with spatial precision.
The Kashi Vishwanath Temple has faced multiple invasions and demolitions throughout its history, mainly during the medieval period. The most notable invaders include:
- Qutb-ud-din Aibak (1194 CE):
After defeating Raja Jaichand of Kannauj, Aibak’s forces are believed to have destroyed early temples in Kashi, including versions of the Vishwanath Temple. - Sikandar Lodi (late 15th century):
Known for his orthodox policies, Sikandar Lodi reportedly ordered the demolition of several temples in Varanasi. - Aurangzeb (1669 CE):
The most well-documented and destructive invasion came under Mughal emperor Aurangzeb, who ordered the demolition of the Kashi Vishwanath Temple. He built the Gyanvapi Mosque on its ruins.
After centuries of desecration, the temple was rebuilt in 1780 by Ahilyabai Holkar, the Maratha queen of Indore. The current structure stands on the site adjacent to the original, which is marked today by the Gyanvapi well behind the mosque.
The temple has since been restored, expanded, and protected, with major redevelopment completed under the Kashi Vishwanath Dham Corridor project in 2021–2022.
The riverfront ghats form a defining element of Varanasi’s landscape. Over 80 ghats, primarily constructed during the 18th century by Maratha, Rajput, and Bengali patrons, feature pavilions, staircases, shrines, and palatial buildings. Dashashwamedh Ghat and Manikarnika Ghat are among the most iconic, serving both religious and social functions.
Mughal architecture is also visible, especially in the form of mosques like the Gyanvapi Mosque, built during the reign of Aurangzeb. The Ramnagar Fort, built in Mughal-style by the Kashi Naresh in the 18th century, lies across the Ganga and serves as a historical residence and museum.
Traditional homes in the older parts of the city feature narrow alleys, courtyards, and multi-story structures made of stone and brick, designed to optimize space and climate.
Modern architecture has emerged in the form of government offices, educational institutions, and commercial buildings, though often without disrupting the city’s core heritage zones. Recent development projects emphasize conservation and adaptive reuse, ensuring that Varanasi’s architectural legacy coexists with contemporary urban needs.
CULTURE
Varanasi represents one of India’s oldest and most continuous cultural traditions. Rooted in its identity as a sacred city, its culture blends religion, art, music, literature, and daily ritual practices. Hindu beliefs dominate the city’s cultural life, with rituals performed at temples, ghats, and homes forming part of the daily routine. The Ganga Aarti at Dashashwamedh Ghat exemplifies this integration of devotion and performance.
The city has a long-standing tradition in classical music, particularly the Benares Gharana, known for its contributions to vocal, tabla, and sitar music. Notable artists like Ustad Bismillah Khan and Pandit Ravi Shankar were associated with Varanasi. Classical dance forms such as Kathak also have a strong presence.
Varanasi’s cultural expression extends into crafts and textiles. The Banarasi saree is a nationally recognized product, blending aesthetic detail with skilled handloom craftsmanship. Artisanal work in wood, brassware, and stone carving continues to thrive in local markets.
Literature and language play a central role in Varanasi’s identity. It has been home to renowned writers such as Munshi Premchand and poets like Kabir and Tulsidas, whose verses continue to influence Hindi and regional literature.
Festivals like Mahashivratri, Dev Deepawali, and Holi are celebrated with large public participation, often blending religious observance with cultural performance. These events highlight the city’s enduring role as a center for traditional practices and evolving forms of expression.
The culture of Varanasi reflects a continuous engagement with its spiritual roots, while actively sustaining art, music, and literature across generations.
काशी नाम नगरी रम्या मोक्षदा पुण्यवर्धिनी।
गंगा यत्र प्रवहति शिवः काशीं च पालयन् स्थितः॥
Translation:
“Kashi is a beautiful city that grants liberation and increases virtue.
Where the Ganga flows, and Shiva himself dwells to protect it.”
This verse reflects how the culture of Kashi (Varanasi) is not just shaped by festivals or art but by its daily spiritual rhythms, where the Ganga, Lord Shiva, rituals, music, and sacred texts together form an unbroken cultural continuum. This cultural environment influences arts, music, crafts, language, and social life.
TRADITIONAL OUTFIT
Varanasi’s traditional attire reflects its deep cultural and religious heritage. For women, the Banarasi saree stands as the most iconic garment. Woven from fine silk with intricate zari work, these sarees are commonly worn during festivals, weddings, and religious ceremonies. The craftsmanship involved in making a Banarasi saree supports a significant segment of the local artisan community.
Men traditionally wear dhoti-kurta or kurta-pajama, often paired with a cotton or silk angavastram during rituals or temple visits. Priests and devotees performing religious duties often wear plain cotton dhotis and uttariyas, following traditional norms of simplicity and ritual purity.
In rural areas and older parts of the city, traditional clothing remains common in daily life. However, urban residents increasingly combine traditional wear with modern styles for comfort and practicality.
Traditional outfits in Varanasi continue to hold cultural significance, particularly during religious functions, reflecting continuity in identity and community values.
LANGUAGE AND POETRY
Varanasi’s linguistic landscape is deeply rooted in Hindi and its regional variant, Bhojpuri. Hindi serves as the official language for administration and education, while Bhojpuri functions as the primary spoken language across households, marketplaces, and rural areas. Urdu is also spoken by a significant section of the population, particularly in older neighborhoods and among literary circles.
The city holds a prominent place in India’s literary tradition. It has been home to renowned writers, poets, and saints who contributed significantly to Hindi, Bhojpuri, and Sanskrit literature. Kabir, the 15th-century mystic poet, composed dohas that challenged orthodoxy and continue to influence Indian thought. Tulsidas, another major figure, authored the Ramcharitmanas in Awadhi while living in Varanasi, shaping vernacular religious literature for centuries.
In modern times, Munshi Premchand, a pioneer of Hindi-Urdu fiction, also lived and worked in Varanasi, setting many of his stories in the city’s socio-cultural environment.
Poetry recitals, known as kavi sammelans, and folk performances remain active cultural practices. Literary festivals and academic conferences at institutions like Banaras Hindu University sustain the city’s reputation as a center for linguistic and literary scholarship.
Varanasi has nurtured several prominent poets across eras. Surdas, known for his Krishna-centric Bhakti poetry, contributed to the growth of devotional literature. Raskhan, though a Muslim by birth, expressed deep devotion to Lord Krishna and is celebrated in Hindu literary circles. Bhavani Prasad Mishra wrote poetry reflecting cultural and spiritual themes rooted in Hindu philosophy. Jaishankar Prasad, associated with the Chhayavaad movement, explored historical and mythological subjects in his works. These poets enriched Hindi literature with strong religious and philosophical depth.
Varanasi’s language and poetry reflect a blend of devotional expression, social critique, and regional identity.
CUISINE
Varanasi’s cuisine showcases a rich mix of traditional vegetarian dishes, festive sweets, and unique regional flavors. Daily meals often include kachori-sabzi, chana-dal poori, and seasonal vegetables with roti or rice. Sweets like malaiyyo (in winter), rabri, lal peda, and parval ki mithai are widely consumed.
Dal-Bhaat (lentils and rice) and Chokha (mashed vegetables, typically potato, brinjal, or tomato) are indeed popular and widely consumed in Varanasi and the surrounding Purvanchal region of eastern Uttar Pradesh.
The Banarasi paan, known for its aromatic betel leaves and flavorful fillings, holds cultural and ritual importance. It is offered at weddings, temples, and as a hospitality gesture. Varanasi’s paan is famous across India for its distinctive preparation.
The city also holds a Geographical Indication (GI) tag for its mango varieties, including Langra and Chausa. Seasonal mango-based dishes such as aam panna, mango chutney, and fresh mango desserts are commonly prepared in homes and sweet shops during summer.
Street food like tamatar chaat, banarasi samosa, and jalebi, along with drinks like lassi and thandai, reflect the city’s dynamic food culture rooted in tradition and taste.
GI TAGS OF VARANASI
Varanasi’s renowned Banarasi Langda mango has been awarded the Geographical Indication (GI) tag, recognizing its unique origin and characteristics. This variety, cultivated in the region for over 250 years, is celebrated for its thin skin, fiberless pulp, and rich, sweet-tangy flavor. The GI certification not only acknowledges its distinctiveness but also supports local farmers by enhancing the fruit’s market value and protecting its authenticity.
While the Banarasi Langda is the primary mango variety from Varanasi with a GI tag, other notable GI-tagged mangoes from Uttar Pradesh include the Malihabadi Dussehri from Lucknow and the Rataul mango from Baghpat district. These varieties, each with their own unique taste profiles and cultivation histories, contribute to the rich mango heritage of the state.
In Varanasi, the Banarasi Langda mango is not only consumed fresh but also used in traditional preparations like aam panna (a refreshing summer drink), mango chutneys, and various desserts, especially during the peak harvest season in July. The GI tag ensures that these culinary traditions continue to thrive, preserving the cultural and agricultural legacy of the region.
FESTIVALS
Varanasi observes a wide range of festivals rooted in religious tradition and cultural continuity. Dev Deepawali, celebrated on Kartik Purnima, transforms the ghats into a glowing spectacle of diyas and rituals performed along the Ganga. Mahashivratri draws thousands of devotees to the Kashi Vishwanath Temple, marking Shiva’s divine presence in the city. Holi, Diwali, Dussehra, and Makar Sankranti are celebrated across neighborhoods with local customs and public gatherings.
Nag Nathaiya, Annakut, and Ganga Mahotsav further reflect the city’s close association with mythological events and river-centric worship. Buddhist festivals are also observed in nearby Sarnath, adding to Varanasi’s multi-religious calendar.
Uniquely, Varanasi treats death as a passage to liberation. Rituals at Manikarnika Ghat and Harishchandra Ghat are performed with the belief that dying in Kashi ensures moksha (liberation from the cycle of rebirth). Families light funeral pyres with the same devotion seen during festive events. Rather than mourning, many treat death in Varanasi with spiritual acceptance.
This acceptance integrates with the city’s cultural rhythm, where life and death both find sacred meaning. Festivals in Varanasi are not limited to celebration—they represent cycles of devotion, renewal, and transcendence central to its identity.
DANCE, DRAMA & MUSIC
Varanasi holds a distinguished place in India’s performing arts tradition. Its contribution to classical music, dance, and drama reflects centuries of uninterrupted cultural practice. The city is home to the Benares Gharana, known for its unique style in Hindustani classical music. This gharana emphasizes clarity, rhythm, and improvisation, especially in tabla, vocal, and sitar performances. Legendary artists like Ustad Bismillah Khan, a shehnai maestro, and Pandit Ravi Shankar, the sitar virtuoso, trained and performed in Varanasi.
Dance also thrives in the city’s cultural setting. Kathak, a classical dance form with roots in storytelling traditions, has deep connections with Varanasi. The city hosts performances and training centers that preserve and promote this art form through regular recitals and workshops.
Theatre and folk drama hold an equally vital role. The Ramleela of Ramnagar, enacted annually across several weeks, dramatizes the Ramayana with live performances that involve local communities and draw large audiences. The event combines scriptural narration, music, costume, and choreography in open-air settings, maintaining an unbroken tradition for over 200 years.
Street performances, devotional singing (bhajans), and seasonal folk dances continue in temples and public spaces, especially during festivals. Institutions like Banaras Hindu University actively support the performing arts through dedicated departments and events.
Varanasi’s performance culture integrates religious devotion, storytelling, and musical mastery, making it a living archive of India’s artistic legacy. These forms remain central to both daily life and spiritual expression in the city.
REGION SPECIALITY
Varanasi is known for its unique blend of spiritual heritage, artisanal craftsmanship, and culinary traditions that distinguish it as a cultural hub of eastern Uttar Pradesh. The most prominent regional speciality is the Banarasi saree, crafted from fine silk with intricate zari work. These sarees are woven by skilled artisans and are in demand across India and abroad, especially for weddings and religious ceremonies.
Another notable speciality is the Banarasi paan, prepared using betel leaves filled with areca nut, slaked lime, and aromatic ingredients. It holds ritual significance and is often offered as a gesture of hospitality. The paan is also closely tied to the city’s social and cultural life.
Varanasi is equally recognized for its Langda mango, a GI-tagged variety known for its distinct flavour, thin skin, and fibreless pulp. Mango-based products like aam panna and mango chutney feature in seasonal diets.
The city also has a rich tradition in wood carving, brassware, and stone sculpture, with artisans producing idols, utensils, and decorative items. These crafts support a large segment of the local economy.
In the food sector, malaiyyo—a seasonal milk froth dessert—is considered a regional delicacy in winter. Lassi, thandai, and tamatar chaat are other staples found in local markets.
Each of these specialities reflects the region’s connection to tradition, ritual, and skilled workmanship. They continue to define Varanasi’s identity and support its reputation as a city where culture, devotion, and craftsmanship are deeply interwoven.
QUALITY OF LIFE
Varanasi offers a unique quality of life shaped by its cultural depth, spiritual atmosphere, and evolving infrastructure. The city provides access to basic amenities such as water, electricity, and sanitation through municipal services. Urban development projects under the Smart City Mission have improved roads, public transport, street lighting, and digital services.
Healthcare facilities range from government hospitals to private clinics, with Banaras Hindu University’s Institute of Medical Sciences serving as a major centre. Educational institutions, including BHU and numerous schools, contribute to literacy and academic engagement.
Daily life blends tradition with modern conveniences. While congestion and waste management remain challenges in older areas, recent efforts have enhanced cleanliness, especially around ghats and tourist zones.
Residents benefit from strong community networks, religious events, and accessible markets. Though infrastructure continues to evolve, Varanasi maintains a lifestyle rooted in stability, social cohesion, and cultural continuity.
EDUCATION
Varanasi has long been a center of learning, combining traditional knowledge systems with modern education. The city is home to Banaras Hindu University (BHU), one of Asia’s largest residential universities, offering a wide range of undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral programs across disciplines such as science, humanities, law, medicine, and performing arts. BHU’s Institute of Medical Sciences and Indian Institute of Technology (IIT-BHU) are nationally recognized for academic excellence.
In addition to BHU, the city hosts Sampurnanand Sanskrit University, which focuses on classical Indian learning and Sanskrit literature, and Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith, a state university offering diverse courses in social sciences, commerce, and education.
Varanasi has a wide network of public and private schools affiliated with various boards, including CBSE, ICSE, and the Uttar Pradesh Board. Several coaching institutes and vocational training centers serve students preparing for competitive exams and skill-based careers.
The city’s educational institutions also promote cultural education, especially in music, literature, and religious studies, reflecting its historical character. Libraries, research centers, and academic conferences contribute to intellectual engagement beyond formal classrooms.
Varanasi’s education system balances heritage and innovation, attracting students from across India and abroad.
MEDIA
Varanasi hosts a diverse and active media landscape that includes print, electronic, and digital platforms. Leading national newspapers such as Dainik Jagran, Amar Ujala, Hindustan, and The Times of India publish local editions covering regional news, politics, and events. Several Hindi and English news channels operate regional bureaus in the city, including ABP Ganga, News18 Uttar Pradesh, and Aaj Tak.
FM radio stations like Radio Mirchi, Red FM, and AIR Varanasi offer local programming, music, and public service content. All India Radio (AIR) continues to provide cultural and educational broadcasts.
Digital media has grown steadily, with numerous online news portals and social media platforms reporting real-time updates on civic issues, religious events, and festivals. Student-led and independent media initiatives also contribute to local discourse.
Varanasi’s media ecosystem plays a key role in shaping public opinion, disseminating information, and connecting communities across urban and rural areas.
SPORTS
Varanasi supports a wide range of sports activities, blending traditional games with modern disciplines. The city has produced notable athletes in wrestling, kabaddi, and rowing, supported by local akhadas (wrestling arenas) and training centers. Wrestling remains popular in rural and urban areas, rooted in the city’s cultural traditions.
Cricket is the most widely followed sport, with dedicated grounds and coaching academies spread across the city. The Dr. Sampurnanand Sports Stadium serves as a hub for regional tournaments and athletics.
Rowing and water sports also hold prominence due to the Ganga River. Varanasi has hosted national-level rowing competitions and continues to train athletes in water-based events.
Banaras Hindu University plays a key role in promoting sports through structured training programs and inter-university events. Private gyms, sports complexes, and government initiatives under Khelo India further enhance youth participation.
Sports in Varanasi continue to grow, supported by grassroots enthusiasm and institutional backing.
NOTABLE INDIVIDUALS
Varanasi has been home to many individuals who have made significant contributions in fields such as music, literature, politics, and spirituality. One of the most iconic figures is Ustad Bismillah Khan, a Bharat Ratna awardee and shehnai maestro who brought global recognition to Indian classical music through performances deeply rooted in the city’s spiritual ambience.
In literature, Munshi Premchand stands out as a pioneer of modern Hindi and Urdu fiction. His stories often reflected the socio-economic conditions of rural India and were influenced by the ethos of Varanasi. Jaishankar Prasad, associated with the Chhayavaad literary movement, also hailed from the city and is celebrated for his poetic and dramatic works.
In contemporary politics, Prime Minister Narendra Modi represents Varanasi in the Lok Sabha since 2014. His tenure has brought increased national and international attention to the city.
Spiritual leaders like Swami Karpatri Ji Maharaj and Lahiri Mahasaya have also been associated with Varanasi, contributing to its status as a center of religious learning and yogic tradition.
In the field of art, Pandit Ravi Shankar, the globally renowned sitarist, had strong links with Varanasi and often cited the city as an inspiration for his music.
The city continues to nurture talent through its institutions, cultural environment, and heritage. These individuals reflect the diversity and depth of Varanasi’s intellectual and cultural life, influencing not just local society but also the national and global stage.
HISTORICAL PLACES
Varanasi, one of the world’s oldest continuously inhabited cities, hosts a range of historical sites that reflect its religious, architectural, and political significance. At the center is the Kashi Vishwanath Temple, dedicated to Lord Shiva. Originally built in ancient times and reconstructed multiple times, it remains a key pilgrimage site and architectural landmark.
Nearby, the Gyanvapi Mosque, constructed in the 17th century by Mughal emperor Aurangzeb, stands adjacent to the temple complex, marking a historical period of religious and political transition. Both structures symbolize Varanasi’s layered history.
The Ramnagar Fort, built in the 18th century by the Kashi Naresh, lies across the Ganga River. Constructed in Mughal architectural style, it houses a museum with royal artefacts, weapons, manuscripts, and vintage cars.
In the city’s Buddhist heritage, Sarnath, located about 10 km from Varanasi, holds prime importance. It is the site where Gautama Buddha delivered his first sermon. The area includes the Dhamek Stupa, Ashoka Pillar, and Sarnath Archaeological Museum, which preserves relics and sculptures from different periods.
Other notable places include Bharat Mata Mandir, known for its map of undivided India carved in marble, and Man Mandir Ghat, featuring a 17th-century observatory built by Raja Jai Singh of Jaipur.
Each site in Varanasi contributes to its historical identity, offering insights into the city’s evolving religious, cultural, and administrative life. These landmarks remain central to understanding the continuity and transformation of Varanasi over centuries.
Exploring Varanasi: A Travel Guide for Enthusiasts
1. Popular Itineraries & Travel Circuits
One-Day Spiritual Circuit:
Start with sunrise at Assi Ghat, followed by a darshan at Kashi Vishwanath Temple. Walk through Vishwanath Gali for shopping and snacks. Visit Manikarnika Ghat and end with Ganga Aarti at Dashashwamedh Ghat.
Two-Day Itinerary:
Day 1 covers the spiritual circuit. On Day 2, visit Sarnath—explore the Dhamek Stupa, Ashokan Pillar, Chaukhandi Stupa, and Sarnath Museum. Return to Varanasi for a cultural evening at Assi Ghat.
Three-Day Cultural Extension:
Day 3 includes a trip to Ramnagar Fort, Tulsi Manas Mandir, Bharat Kala Bhavan, and shopping in Chowk and Godowlia. Optional: a half-day visit to Chunar Fort for history lovers.
2. Ghats of Varanasi: Beyond the Famous Ones
The ghats of Varanasi are more than riverfronts—they are sacred spaces where faith, history, and daily life meet. Each ghat has a distinct role, mythology, and experience for the visitor.
- Dashashwamedh Ghat
The most iconic ghat, believed to be where Lord Brahma performed ten horse sacrifices. It is the main venue for the Ganga Aarti, performed daily at sunset (around 6:45 PM in winter and 7:00 PM in summer). The ghat opens to the public at dawn and remains active until late night. - Manikarnika Ghat
The oldest and most sacred cremation ground in India. It is believed that Goddess Parvati’s earring (Manikarnika) fell here. Cremations happen 24×7, symbolizing the city’s eternal cycle of life and death. Visitors should remain respectful and observe from a distance if not participating. - Assi Ghat
Located at the southern end of the city, where the Assi River meets the Ganga. Known for subah-e-banaras—a cultural program with morning Ganga Aarti, yoga sessions, and music recitals from 5:00 AM onward. It’s a popular place for locals, students, and tourists alike. - Scindia Ghat
Famous for its partially submerged Shiva temple tilted due to erosion. The ghat is quieter and ideal for reflection, photography, and observing priestly rituals in a less crowded setting. - Panchganga Ghat
Mythologically significant as the confluence of five sacred rivers—Ganga, Yamuna, Saraswati (invisible), Kirana, and Dhupapapa. Saint Tulsidas is believed to have composed parts of the Ramcharitmanas here. - Chet Singh Ghat
Named after Raja Chet Singh, who resisted British forces here in the late 18th century. The remains of the fort still stand, giving the ghat a historical-political significance. The architecture and views attract heritage walkers and history lovers. - Darbhanga Ghat
Known for its grand palace built by the Darbhanga royal family of Bihar in the 19th century. The palace façade in red sandstone rises directly from the river, offering striking views, especially during sunrise.
3. Sunrise & Boat Ride Experiences
A sunrise boat ride on the Ganga is a must. Starting around 5:00 AM from Assi Ghat, the ride glides past multiple ghats, showcasing priests performing early rituals, sadhus meditating, and locals bathing. The golden light, chants, and temple bells create a surreal atmosphere. Many private operators and hotels offer pre-booked guided rides with commentary.
Best time: October to March
Duration: 45 to 90 minutes
4. Walking Tours & Heritage Trails
Walking through Varanasi is like stepping into a living museum. The city’s labyrinthine alleys are filled with stories, rituals, crafts, and flavors. Here are four key heritage trails that offer an immersive experience:
Vishwanath Gali
This is one of the most iconic and bustling lanes in Varanasi, leading directly to the Kashi Vishwanath Temple. It’s narrow, lively, and saturated with the essence of old Kashi.
- What to see: Shops selling rudraksha malas, brass idols, incense sticks, and religious books.
- Must-visit shops:
- Shree Kashi Vishwanath Prasad Bhandar – known for packed temple offerings and souvenirs.
- Mishrambu – a legendary outlet for Banarasi thandai and herbal drinks, some with a bhang variant.
- Food to try:
- Hot jalebis, samosas, and rabri at Shree Rajbandhu Mishtan Bhandar.
- Don’t miss trying the famous Banarasi paan at Keshav Tambul Bhandar.
Bengali Tola
A serene and culturally rich locality, historically inhabited by Bengali scholars, sadhus, and pilgrims.
- What to see:
- Ancient temples like Durga Mandir, quiet ashrams, and guesthouses that host long-term spiritual seekers.
- Must-visit landmarks:
- Durga Charan Guest House with wall murals and old Bengali inscriptions.
- Local handloom cooperatives selling cotton stoles and khadi wear.
- Food to try:
- Sweet shops offering sandesh, rasgulla, and mishti doi prepared in Bengali style.
Thatheri Bazaar
Known for its traditional brass and copper artisans, this lane showcases living craft traditions passed through generations.
- What to see:
- Artisans working on hand-beaten brass utensils, bells, puja thalis, and lotas.
- Must-visit shops:
- Jai Maa Thatheri Works – trusted for authentic and handmade puja items.
- Sharma Metal Art – a family-run store with brass idols and temple décor.
- Pro tip: Talk to the artisans—they often give demonstrations and narrate the history of their family craft.
Kachauri Gali
Located near the temple area, this lane is a haven for morning food lovers and an essential stop for traditional breakfast.
- What to eat:
- Banarasi kachori-sabzi served hot and spicy with pickled chillies.
- Jalebi fried in pure ghee and dipped in saffron syrup.
- Must-visit eateries:
- Ram Bhandar – arguably the most famous for kachori-sabzi and gulab jamun (arrive by 8 AM to avoid the rush).
- Blue Lassi Shop – over 80 varieties of lassi, including rose, banana, and pomegranate; a favorite among foreign tourists.
5.Local Markets & Souvenirs
Shopping in Varanasi is more than a retail experience—it’s a dive into centuries-old craftsmanship, sacred traditions, and regional flavours. From spiritual keepsakes to exquisite handlooms, the markets here reflect the city’s deep-rooted identity. Here’s where to go and what to buy:
Godowlia Market
Located near the Dashashwamedh Ghat, Godowlia is Varanasi’s busiest and most accessible shopping hub.
- What to find:
- Banarasi sarees in silk and georgette.
- Local ittar (perfumes) in glass bottles.
- Temple offerings, incense, and rudraksha malas.
- Everyday items like puja baskets, brass diyas, and flower garlands.
Chowk Market
One of Varanasi’s oldest traditional markets, located near the Vishwanath Temple area.
- What to buy:
- Brass lamps and bells, handmade by local artisans.
- Gulab jamun and malaiyyo from Shree Rajbandhu or Baba Thandai during winters.
- Banarasi paan ingredients (betel leaves, areca nuts, chuna, and special masalas).
- Hand-carved wooden toys depicting animals, deities, and mythological figures.
Thatheri Bazaar
A niche market for those looking for authentic metalcraft. The name “Thatheri” itself refers to the community of brass and copper utensil makers.
- What to find:
- Hand-beaten brass puja thalis, lotas, lamps, and ritual bells.
- Copper kalash and decorative household items.
- Many items sold here are also used in local temples and rituals.
Lahurabir and Lanka (Near BHU)
These areas offer a mix of traditional and contemporary items—ideal for those seeking convenience or modern retail options.
- What to find:
- Saree showrooms, bookstores, music shops, and food joints.
- BHU Bookstore and local stalls sell books on spirituality, Vedas, and regional literature.
- Easy access to branded items, clothing, and electronics.
Top Souvenirs to Take Home from Varanasi
- Banarasi Sarees – Woven with gold/silver zari, ideal for festive and wedding wear.
- Wooden Ram Darbar Idols – Symbolic of devotion; carved in local workshops.
- Stone Shiva Lingams – Sourced from Kaimur and Mirzapur, available in Chowk.
- Ganga Jal – Holy water from the Ganges, sealed in copper or glass containers.
- Thandai Masala Mix – Sold at Mishrambu and Baba Thandai, perfect for home preparation.
- Brass or Copper Puja Items – Bells, lotas, deepaks from Thatheri Bazaar.
- Handmade Rudraksha Malas – Available in Vishwanath Gali and Godowlia.
- Paan Boxes (Chhapan Bhog Mix) – Small metal boxes filled with ingredients for Banarasi paan.
- Miniature Paintings & Bookmarks – Depicting ghats and deities, perfect for gifting.