TOPONYMY
Jaunpur derives its name from Sultan Feroz Shah Tughlaq, who founded the city in 1359 CE and named it “Jaunpur” in memory of his cousin and predecessor, Muhammad bin Tughlaq, whose given name was “Jauna Khan.” The city’s name combines “Jauna” with “pur,” a common Sanskrit-derived suffix meaning “city” or “settlement.”
The decision to establish Jaunpur followed the need to secure the eastern frontiers of the Delhi Sultanate and assert control over the rebellious regions near the Ganga-Gomti plains. By naming the new settlement after Jauna Khan, Feroz Shah reinforced the political legacy of the Tughlaq dynasty while embedding personal reverence into a geographic identity.
Historical references to Jaunpur [1] appear in Persian chronicles and administrative records from the Sultanate and later Mughal periods. The name has remained consistent over centuries, surviving political transitions and local dialectal shifts. Unlike some North Indian towns whose names evolved from mythological or natural origins, Jaunpur’s name stems directly from imperial political history.
Thus, the origin of the name “Jaunpur” reflects both dynastic loyalty and strategic governance. It marks the city not just as a historical site but as a legacy tied to the ambitions of Delhi’s medieval rulers.
HISTORY
Jaunpur was founded in 1359 CE by Sultan Feroz Shah Tughlaq of the Delhi Sultanate. He named it after his cousin, Muhammad bin Tughlaq (Jauna Khan). The city rose to prominence during the decline of the Delhi Sultanate, becoming the capital of the independent Sharqi dynasty in the late 14th century.
Under the Sharqi rulers, especially Ibrahim Shah (1402–1440), Jaunpur became a major center of learning, architecture, and culture. The rulers built mosques, bridges, and public buildings, many of which still stand. The Atala Masjid and Jama Masjid are key examples of Sharqi architecture that combined Indo-Islamic styles.
In 1479, the Lodhi Sultan Bahlul defeated the Sharqis and reintegrated Jaunpur into the Delhi Sultanate. During the Mughal period, Jaunpur remained an important administrative and military center. It also witnessed regional conflicts during the 18th century, as power shifted among the Nawabs of Awadh, local zamindars, and British forces.
By the 19th century, Jaunpur came under full British control and was integrated into colonial administrative structures. Post-independence, the city continued to serve as a district headquarters in Uttar Pradesh.
Jaunpur’s history reflects cycles of regional power, architectural development, and cultural significance rooted in medieval India.
GEOGRAPHY
Jaunpur lies in the eastern part of Uttar Pradesh, positioned between 24.24°N to 26.12°N latitude and 82.7°E to 83.5°E longitude. The district is part of the Indo-Gangetic plain and spans both banks of the Gomti River, which flows through its center and supports agriculture and local livelihoods.
The region has flat alluvial terrain with fertile soil suitable for crops like rice, wheat, and pulses. Minor rivers such as the Sai and Basuhi also contribute to the district’s irrigation. The area lacks significant forest cover or hills, making it predominantly agricultural.
Jaunpur borders Varanasi, Azamgarh, Sultanpur, Pratapgarh, and Ghazipur, forming a strategic location for trade and connectivity. The district falls within the northern plains climatic zone, experiencing hot summers, moderate rainfall during monsoon, and cool winters.
Overall, Jaunpur’s geography supports high rural population density and agricultural productivity, shaping its economic base and settlement patterns.
CLIMATE
Jaunpur experiences a humid subtropical climate marked by three main seasons—summer, monsoon, and winter. Summers, from April to June, are hot and dry, with temperatures often exceeding 40°C. Hot winds locally known as “loo” are common during this period.
The monsoon season lasts from late June to September, bringing the majority of annual rainfall, which averages around 1,100 mm. The rainfall supports agriculture but also leads to occasional waterlogging in low-lying areas.
Winters, from November to February, are mild to cold. Temperatures range between 7°C and 20°C, with occasional fog affecting visibility and transport. The region remains dry during this season, with low humidity levels.
Spring and autumn serve as short transitional periods. Overall, the climate supports a typical cropping cycle in eastern Uttar Pradesh, with favorable conditions for both Rabi and Kharif crops. Variations in rainfall and temperature directly affect agricultural output and water availability.
FLORA AND FAUNA
Jaunpur’s natural vegetation reflects the typical features of the Indo-Gangetic plain. The region supports dry deciduous plant species, with common trees including neem, peepal, mango, banyan, babool, and shisham. Agricultural activity dominates the landscape, limiting forest cover to small patches near villages or along riverbanks.
The district’s fauna consists mainly of small mammals, reptiles, and bird species. Jackals, hares, mongooses, and rodents are frequently observed in rural and semi-urban areas. Common reptiles include snakes and lizards, especially in farmlands and water channels.
Birdlife remains active across seasons. Mynas, parrots, crows, egrets, and kingfishers are regularly seen. During winter, some migratory birds visit water bodies near the Gomti River and its tributaries.
Urban growth and intensive farming have reduced wildlife habitats, but existing green zones still sustain limited biodiversity. The region’s flora and fauna continue to adapt to changing land use and climatic conditions.
ECONOMY
Jaunpur’s economy is primarily agrarian, with a large share of the population engaged in farming and related activities. The fertile alluvial soil and adequate irrigation support the cultivation of major crops such as rice, wheat, pulses, and sugarcane. Agriculture forms the backbone of rural livelihoods and drives local market activity.
In addition to farming, animal husbandry and dairy contribute to household income, especially in villages. Small-scale industries, including handloom weaving, pottery, and agro-processing units, operate across the district. Traditional weavers in certain areas produce cotton textiles, which find markets within and outside the region.
The service sector, including retail, education, and transport, has grown steadily, particularly in urban centers. Jaunpur also benefits from remittances, as many residents seek employment in other parts of India and abroad.
Under the One District One Product (ODOP) scheme, Jaunpur promotes perfume and incense stick production. Local enterprises extract aromatic compounds from flowers and herbs, creating employment for small manufacturers and artisans.
Infrastructure limitations, such as power shortages and poor connectivity in rural belts, continue to challenge economic growth. However, with gradual improvements in road networks and digital services, Jaunpur is slowly expanding its economic base beyond agriculture.
ADMINISTRATION
Jaunpur district operates under the administrative framework of the Government of Uttar Pradesh. A District Magistrate (DM), an officer from the Indian Administrative Service (IAS), heads the district and oversees law and order, revenue collection, and implementation of development schemes.
The Superintendent of Police (SP), from the Indian Police Service (IPS), manages law enforcement and crime control. The district is divided into several tehsils and development blocks, each supervised by Sub-Divisional Magistrates (SDMs) and Block Development Officers (BDOs), respectively.
Urban local governance functions through the Jaunpur Nagar Palika Parishad, which handles sanitation, water supply, and infrastructure in the city. Rural administration is managed by Gram Panchayats under the Panchayati Raj system.
Jaunpur sends elected representatives to both the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly and the Lok Sabha. Various state and central government departments operate within the district to deliver public services and monitor welfare programs.
CIVIC ADMINISTRATION
Jaunpur’s civic administration is managed by the Jaunpur Nagar Palika Parishad. It oversees essential services such as water supply, sanitation, waste management, and street lighting within municipal limits. The civic body also maintains local roads, public parks, and drainage systems.
Elected representatives, including the Chairman and ward members, govern the municipal council, while a Municipal Commissioner handles daily operations. The civic administration coordinates with state departments to implement urban development schemes and monitor public health and cleanliness drives.
Efforts continue to improve infrastructure and expand services in growing urban areas.
POLICE ADMINISTRATION
The police administration in Jaunpur functions under the Uttar Pradesh Police and is led by the Superintendent of Police (SP). The SP oversees law enforcement, crime prevention, and public safety across the district.
The district is divided into multiple police circles and stations, each managed by Circle Officers (COs) and Station House Officers (SHOs).
Police personnel conduct routine patrolling, manage traffic, and respond to emergencies. They also coordinate with local authorities during festivals, elections, and law-and-order situations.
Special units handle cybercrime, women’s safety, and community policing initiatives to improve public trust and efficiency.
JUDICIAL INSTITUTIONS
Jaunpur hosts a district and sessions court that functions under the jurisdiction of the Allahabad High Court. The District Judge heads the court and supervises both civil and criminal cases.
Additional District Judges, Civil Judges, and Judicial Magistrates assist in handling the case load across various subordinate courts.
These courts address matters such as land disputes, criminal trials, family cases, and consumer grievances.
The judicial system operates independently of the executive, ensuring due process and legal redress. Legal aid services are also available to support underprivileged litigants in the district.
CENTRAL GOVERNMENT OFFICES
Jaunpur hosts several central government offices that support public services and regulatory functions. Key establishments include the offices of the Income Tax Department, Post Office, Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO), and Public Sector Banks.
The Indian Railways maintains administrative units related to local railway stations and infrastructure.
The district also houses branches of national agencies like UIDAI for Aadhaar services and departments related to agriculture, telecom, and rural development.
These offices coordinate with state authorities to implement central schemes, process citizen services, and manage compliance with national policies.
POLITICS
Politics in Jaunpur plays a significant role in shaping local development and governance. The district falls under the Jaunpur Lok Sabha constituency and comprises multiple Vidhan Sabha segments, including Jaunpur, Malhani, Shahganj, Badlapur, and Mungra Badshahpur. Voters actively participate in both state and national elections, with high turnout rates observed in recent years.
Major political parties, including the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), Samajwadi Party (SP), Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), and Indian National Congress (INC), contest elections in the region. Political competition remains strong, often influenced by caste dynamics, development issues, and regional leadership.
Elected Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) and the Member of Parliament (MP) represent the district in legislative bodies. They address public concerns, propose development projects, and influence fund allocation for infrastructure, education, and welfare programs.
Panchayati Raj institutions at the village level and municipal bodies in urban areas also contribute to grassroots governance. Local elections see active campaigning and community engagement.
Political awareness has increased over time, driven by better access to education, media, and government outreach. Jaunpur’s political landscape continues to evolve, reflecting broader shifts in Uttar Pradesh’s electoral trends and policy priorities.
PUBLIC UTILITIES
Jaunpur provides essential public utilities through a combination of state agencies and local bodies. The Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Limited (UPPCL) supplies electricity to urban and rural areas, with ongoing efforts to improve coverage and reduce outages.
The Jal Nigam and local panchayats manage water supply, focusing on handpumps, piped connections, and borewells. In urban zones, the municipality oversees sewage disposal and drainage systems.
Solid waste collection services operate in towns, but rural areas still rely on community-led waste management practices.
Telecommunication services, including mobile networks and broadband internet, have expanded rapidly, supported by private and public providers. India Post and courier services ensure postal connectivity.
Public health services operate through primary health centers, community health centers, and district hospitals. Public distribution systems supply food grains to ration card holders.
The district continues to strengthen these utilities to support its growing population and infrastructure needs.
TRANSPORT
Jaunpur has a functional transport network that connects it to major cities in Uttar Pradesh and beyond. The district lies on the Varanasi–Lucknow railway line and is served by key stations like Jaunpur Junction and Zafarabad Junction.
The road network includes National Highway 31 and several state highways that link Jaunpur to Varanasi, Azamgarh, and Sultanpur. Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (UPSRTC) and private buses operate regular services.
Auto-rickshaws and taxis provide local mobility within the district. Transport infrastructure continues to improve with road widening and electrified rail routes.
DEMOGRAPHICS
According to the 2011 Census, Jaunpur district had a population of approximately 4.5 million, making it one of the more densely populated districts in eastern Uttar Pradesh. The sex ratio stood at 1,024 females per 1,000 males, which is above the national average. The child sex ratio was 944, indicating a relatively balanced gender distribution in the younger population.
The literacy rate in Jaunpur was 73.7%, with male literacy at 84.3% and female literacy at 63.5%. Education levels vary between urban and rural areas, with urban zones showing higher literacy rates.
The district has a predominantly rural population, with agriculture as the main occupation. A significant portion of the workforce is engaged in farming, allied activities, and small-scale industries. Urban centers support employment in trade, services, and education.
Hinduism is the majority religion, followed by Islam. Communities such as Yadavs, Rajputs, Brahmins, Kurmis, and Scheduled Castes form a large part of the social structure. Urdu and Hindi are widely spoken, with Awadhi influencing local dialects.
The population growth rate has remained moderate, and migration for employment contributes to demographic shifts. Jaunpur’s demographics reflect a mix of rural traditions and emerging urban trends.
ARCHITECTURE
Jaunpur’s architecture reflects a blend of Indo-Islamic and regional styles developed during the Sharqi dynasty, which ruled the region in the 15th century. The Sharqi rulers constructed mosques, madrasas, and public buildings using locally available stone and lime plaster, marked by bold arches, minimal ornamentation, and wide courtyards.
The Atala Masjid, built in 1408 by Sultan Ibrahim Shah, stands as a prime example of this style. It features high domes, pointed arches, and a large central prayer hall. The Jama Masjid, completed in 1470, showcases similar structural elements with greater scale and refinement. These mosques lack minarets but emphasize proportion and spatial design, creating a distinct local adaptation of Islamic architecture.
Other significant structures include Lal Darwaza Masjid and the ruins of the Sharqi fort complex. Most buildings from this period follow a functional layout with solid geometric forms and limited decorative features.
Colonial-era structures, such as schools, administrative buildings, and railway stations, reflect British influences with arched verandas and brick masonry. Modern construction in Jaunpur follows contemporary designs, but heritage buildings remain focal points of historical and architectural interest.
Together, these elements capture Jaunpur’s architectural evolution across dynasties and development phases.
CULTURE
Jaunpur’s culture reflects a confluence of historical influences, rural traditions, and linguistic diversity. The region’s Sharqi-era legacy shapes its architectural identity and contributes to its cultural depth. Residents actively participate in religious and seasonal festivals, with celebrations such as Holi, Diwali, Eid, and Muharram observed widely across communities.
Folk music and local theatre play a significant role in village life. Nautanki, Birha, and Kajri are popular forms of performance art. Traditional instruments like dholak, harmonium, and manjira accompany these performances during social gatherings and religious events.
Jaunpur has a strong oral storytelling tradition, including tales of regional heroes, saints, and local legends passed down through generations. Local fairs and melas, often linked to religious observances, serve as key social events that bring together artisans, performers, and traders.
Residents primarily speak Hindi and Awadhi, with Urdu common among specific communities. Local dress remains modest and traditional, especially in rural areas, though urban youth have adopted modern attire.
Food habits center on seasonal produce, with staples like rice, wheat, pulses, and milk-based dishes forming the diet. The culture of hospitality, respect for elders, and community participation continues to shape social interactions in both rural and urban settings.
TRADITIONAL OUTFIT
Traditional clothing in Jaunpur reflects regional customs, climate, and cultural norms. Men commonly wear dhoti or lungi paired with a kurta or shirt, especially in rural areas. During formal or religious occasions, some men wear a sherwani or kurta-pajama, often with a scarf or gamchha draped over the shoulder.
Women traditionally wear sarees, usually cotton or silk, depending on the occasion. In rural areas, sarees are worn in practical styles suited to agricultural work and daily chores. In urban areas, women also wear salwar-kameez, particularly among younger generations.
Colors, patterns, and fabric choices vary with seasons and events. Bright colors and embellished fabrics are preferred for weddings and festivals, while simpler, breathable materials are worn in daily life.
Local weavers also contribute to traditional attire by producing handloom textiles used for sarees and other garments. Though modern clothing has become more common, traditional outfits remain widely used during cultural events and religious functions.
LANGUAGE AND POETRY
Language in Jaunpur reflects the region’s cultural and historical diversity. Hindi serves as the official and most widely spoken language, used in administration, education, and public communication. Awadhi, a regional dialect of Hindi, dominates rural conversations and folk expression, while Urdu is commonly spoken in urban and Muslim communities.
The region has a strong tradition of oral and written poetry. Local poets have composed verses in Awadhi, Hindi, and Urdu, covering themes such as devotion, nature, love, and social values. During the Sharqi period, Jaunpur developed into a center for Persian and Urdu literary activities, with scholars and poets contributing to regional literature.
Folk poetry, including forms like Birha, Chaiti, and Kajri, remains popular and reflects everyday rural life. These compositions are often sung during agricultural seasons, festivals, and village gatherings. They use simple language but convey deep emotions and community experiences.
Jaunpur has also produced poets and writers recognized at the state and national levels. Mushairas (Urdu poetry gatherings) and Kavi Sammelans (Hindi poetry meets) continue to be held in cultural events, maintaining the region’s poetic engagement.
Language and poetry in Jaunpur remain strong mediums for identity, tradition, and artistic expression.
CUISINE
The cuisine of Jaunpur reflects its agrarian base, seasonal produce, and cultural diversity. Staple foods include wheat, rice, lentils, and vegetables, prepared with regional spices and cooking techniques. Roti, puri, and rice are commonly served with dal, seasonal vegetables, or curd.
Street food remains popular in urban areas, with items like samosa, kachori, chaat, and jalebi consumed widely. In rural households, meals are simpler but nutritious, often featuring dishes like chokha, baati, and vegetable stews.
Meat-based dishes, particularly mutton and chicken curries, are prepared during festivals and special occasions, especially in Muslim households. Biryani, kababs, and keema are also part of the local food culture.
Sweets like peda, laddoo, and imarti are commonly made at home or bought during religious and family functions. Tea is a staple beverage, consumed multiple times a day.
Overall, the cuisine balances taste, availability, and tradition, reflecting both vegetarian and non-vegetarian preferences shaped by the region’s social and cultural mix.
FESTIVALS
Jaunpur observes a wide range of festivals that reflect its religious and cultural diversity. Hindu festivals like Diwali, Holi, Navratri, and Raksha Bandhan are celebrated with household rituals, public gatherings, and traditional sweets. Dussehra processions and Ram Leela performances draw large local audiences.
Muslim communities actively celebrate Eid-ul-Fitr, Eid-ul-Adha, and Muharram. Eid involves special prayers, community feasts, and charitable giving, while Muharram is marked by processions and observance of historical events.
Local fairs and melas, often linked to religious shrines and seasonal changes, bring together residents for shopping, entertainment, and worship. Events such as Magh Mela and Kartik Purnima are observed at riverside locations.
Schools, community groups, and cultural associations organize programs during national holidays like Independence Day and Republic Day. These events promote civic awareness alongside cultural expression.
Across communities, festivals serve as social connectors and highlight Jaunpur’s tradition of coexistence and participation.
DANCE, DRAMA & MUSIC
Jaunpur’s cultural life includes active traditions of dance, drama, and music, especially in rural areas and community events. Folk music forms such as Birha, Kajri, Chaiti, and Alha are widely performed during festivals, marriages, and seasonal celebrations. Performers use instruments like dholak, harmonium, and manjira to accompany their singing.
Folk dance is less institutionalized but appears during local functions, with group performances involving coordinated steps and traditional attire. Women often perform devotional songs and group dances during religious ceremonies and harvest festivals.
Drama holds a strong place in cultural expression. Ram Leela and Nautanki are traditional theatre forms still staged in villages and towns, particularly during Dussehra and other festive occasions. These performances narrate mythological stories and social themes.
Local artists and cultural groups continue to organize events that preserve and promote these art forms. Despite modern influences, Jaunpur maintains its connection to folk traditions in music, theatre, and dance.
REGIONAL SPECIALITY
Jaunpur is known for its traditional perfume and incense stick (agarbatti) production, which serves as the district’s regional speciality under the One District One Product (ODOP) initiative. Local manufacturers extract aromatic oils from flowers, herbs, and natural ingredients to create perfumes and incense products used in homes, temples, and ceremonies.
The industry involves small-scale units that engage skilled and semi-skilled workers, especially women, in mixing, rolling, packaging, and labeling processes. It supports local employment and contributes to the rural non-farm economy. These products are distributed within Uttar Pradesh and also supplied to markets in other states.
Alongside this, Jaunpur is also known for its handloom weaving in select areas. Artisans produce simple cotton fabrics that serve local needs, though the scale has declined due to changing market trends.
Agricultural produce such as lentils and mustard also contribute to the district’s economy, but perfume and incense remain the official ODOP focus.
The government supports this sector through training, credit access, and marketing assistance, aiming to boost competitiveness and expand market reach. Jaunpur’s regional speciality combines traditional knowledge with economic utility, making it a valuable contributor to the district’s identity and livelihood base.
QUALITY OF LIFE
The quality of life in Jaunpur reflects a mix of rural stability and developing urban infrastructure. Most residents depend on agriculture, small businesses, and public services for livelihood. Basic amenities like electricity, water supply, and public transport are available, though rural areas still face service gaps.
Healthcare is accessible through government hospitals and primary health centers, but specialized medical services remain limited. Education infrastructure includes government and private schools, with some degree colleges serving urban and semi-urban populations.
Cost of living remains moderate, making daily life affordable for most households. Local markets meet essential needs, and mobile connectivity is widespread. Cultural and religious activities contribute to community engagement.
However, challenges such as youth migration, underemployment, and limited industrial growth affect long-term quality of life. Government initiatives continue to improve roads, sanitation, and digital access, aiming to enhance overall living standards in both rural and urban parts of the district.
EDUCATION
Jaunpur has a growing education network that includes government schools, private institutions, and degree colleges. Primary and secondary education is delivered through a mix of government-aided and private schools, with Hindi and English as mediums of instruction.
The district hosts several intermediate colleges and graduate-level institutions offering courses in arts, science, commerce, and education. Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University, located near Jaunpur city, serves as the main higher education center for the region.
Vocational training centers and Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs) offer skill-based education in trades like electronics, mechanical work, and computer operations.
Enrollment in schools has improved due to government schemes like mid-day meals and free uniforms. However, issues such as teacher shortages, infrastructure gaps, and high dropout rates in rural areas remain challenges.
Efforts continue to improve access to quality education, with digital tools and state-sponsored programs aiming to bridge learning gaps.
MEDIA
Jaunpur has access to a range of media platforms that inform and connect its population. Local and national newspapers such as Dainik Jagran, Hindustan, and Amar Ujala have wide circulation. Radio remains active through All India Radio and FM channels that broadcast regional news and entertainment.
Television viewership includes both state-run and private channels, supported by cable and DTH services.
Digital media usage has grown rapidly, with mobile internet enabling access to news portals, social media, and video content. Local YouTube channels and online news platforms now play an increasing role in regional information sharing.
SPORTS
Sports in Jaunpur focus mainly on cricket, kabaddi, and athletics, with schools and local clubs organizing regular competitions. Cricket is the most popular, with matches held in public grounds and educational institutions.
Kabaddi and wrestling have strong rural participation, supported by traditional training methods. Schools and colleges conduct annual sports events to promote physical activity.
The district has a few stadiums and playgrounds but lacks large-scale sports infrastructure.
Government schemes and local initiatives aim to identify and support young talent. Sports continue to play a role in community engagement and youth development across Jaunpur.
NOTABLE INDIVIDUALS
Jaunpur has produced several individuals who have contributed to politics, literature, education, and public service. Among the most prominent is former Prime Minister V.P. Singh, who hailed from the Manda estate in the district. He played a key role in national politics during the late 1980s and is known for implementing the Mandal Commission recommendations.
In the field of literature, Jaunpur has a tradition of producing Hindi and Urdu poets who have contributed to regional and national literary forums. Scholars from Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University have also earned recognition in academic research and higher education.
The district has contributed to administrative services by producing officers for the Indian Administrative Service (IAS), Indian Police Service (IPS), and other central and state-level roles. Several individuals from Jaunpur have also served in the armed forces, earning honors for their service.
In recent years, local entrepreneurs, educators, and social workers have gained attention for their work in rural development, skill training, and digital education.
These individuals reflect the district’s potential across diverse sectors. Their achievements continue to inspire youth and contribute to Jaunpur’s reputation as a district with active civic and intellectual engagement.
HISTORICAL PLACES
Jaunpur houses several historical monuments that reflect its medieval past, especially the period of the Sharqi dynasty. The Atala Masjid, built in 1408 by Sultan Ibrahim Shah, stands as one of the most significant structures. It features Indo-Islamic architecture with large arched entrances and a spacious courtyard.
The Jama Masjid, completed in 1470, is another major monument. It showcases detailed stonework and a large prayer hall, reflecting the scale and planning of the Sharqi rulers. The Lal Darwaza Masjid, though smaller, is historically important for its association with Queen Rajye Bibi, the wife of Sultan Mahmud Sharqi.
The Shahi Bridge, built in the 16th century during Akbar’s reign, still serves as a functional link across the Gomti River. It combines engineering utility with historical significance.
Remnants of the Jaunpur Fort, also known as the Shahi Qila, stand near the river and offer insights into military architecture of the period.
These sites attract historians, students, and visitors interested in regional heritage. They also form part of school and college study tours, serving educational and cultural purposes. Preservation efforts continue under the Archaeological Survey of India and state tourism initiatives.